Contrast The Representation Of Friday In Foe And Robinson Crusoe English Literature Essay

Contrast The Representation Of Friday In Foe And Robinson Crusoe English Literature Essay According to G Scott Bishop, it is important to read post-colonial literature in English, and see the reactions to the discussion of colonialism held by the English, as they reflect the way our historical actions created the world. Taking the plot of the father of the novel (Judith Hawley, spoken, 7th October 2010), and a novel focussed around colonialism, Robinson Crusoe, the post-colonial Foe deconstructs it to expose the lies and injustices that are seen in Robinson Crusoe, but never challenged. The change in cultural norms, from Britain in 1719 to South Africa in 1986 has been vast, and the challenging differences between the two novels purported to tell the same story is shocking. The central point of these differences is not, as some would suggest, Susan Barton, the interloper character, and female narrator, but more Friday, a character who is the same across the books, and yet incredibly different. Defoe used Friday to explore themes of religion, slavery and subjugation, all o f which were supposed to a natural state of being at that time in history, and Coetzee uses him to explore more strongly themes of slavery, black identity, and the voice of the oppressed. In neither book is Friday left simply to be a character, he is instead always used as a device through which the reader can explore other topics. Your master says the slavers cut [your tongue] out; but I have never heard of such a practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Is it the truth that your master cut it out himself and blamed the slavers? (Coetzee, J.M, Foe.) The fact that this question is never answered, and that all attempts to force Friday to communicate fail drastically leave the reader wondering whether the slavers that captured Friday removed his tongue, or whether that was done by the colonialist Cruso, who felt there was no need of a great stock of words, (Coetzee, J.M, Foe). This contrasts vastly with Defoes Crusoe, who said I began to keep my journal; of which I shall here give you the copy (though in it will be told all these particulars over again) as long as it lasted; for having no more ink, I was forced to leave it off. This implies clearly that Defoes Crusoe gave a lot more care and interest to language than Coetzees Cruso. Defoes Crusoe, much as he appreciated journaling in his own language whilst alone, also took pleasure in teaching Friday to speak, In a little time I began to speak to him; and teach him to speak to meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I likewise taught him to say Master; and then let him know that was to be my name: I likewise taught him to say Yes and No and to know the meaning of them. Defoes Crusoe was certainly concerned with language, but never investigated the language that was Fridays own, erasing Fridays history by naming him, and teaching him English. In this way, he could only voice the thoughts that Crusoe had given him language to speak. This was challenged by the voiceless Friday in Coetzees work, a character who literally couldnt speak. In this, it could be argued that Coetzee was asserting that it was not his right to give voice to an oppressed black character, and let Friday stand for the victims of apartheid and slavery, where Defoe (due to the beliefs of society at his time) believed that it was right and natural for Crusoe to claim the position of Master to Friday, and to speak for him. Hearing the voice of the ethnic minorities in both Foe and Robinson Crusoe is important, but so is acknowledging their different racial identities. Friday in Foes work, in standing for the victims of apartheid and slavery, is a black African character he was black, negro, with a head of fuzzy wool (Coetzees Foe), whereas Crusoes Friday, not standing for those causes, is portrayed as being an anglicised version of a Caribbean man, who had all the sweetness and softness of a European in his countenance. This implies that Friday was somehow better than the average Caribbean tribesman by dint of looking somewhat European, but at the same time, the first language Crusoe taught him was that he was his master. He was an improvement on the average savage, since his appearance was somewhat European, but still his race left him to be the natural servant of Crusoe. This Friday is very much a dramatic device used to portray Crusoes development as a religious man; [Crusoe] began to instruct him [ Friday] in the knowledge of the true God. This allowed Defoe to expand on Crusoes earlier mentions of religion, in his conversion, and in the hegemony of the time, caused Crusoe to be seen as a good and moral character, who treated his slave well, and brought him up to be religious (McInelly Colonialism, the novel and Robinson Crusoe). In Coetzees work, Friday is allowed to be sullen and unpleasant, easy to see, but hard to like, he is created to be the embodiment of all the oppression experienced by a racial group, to only be able to take in, never to give out ideas or understanding, to be central to a story he can have no part in. The silence of Coetzees Friday could also be said to reflect the reader, who, like Friday can only react and respond to situations. Katherine Wagner however argues against this, saying that criticism and silence are mutually exclusive terms. Coetzees Friday can only be silenced, but Defoes Friday has no room to criticise, and no part in making decisions for Crusoe, because in that time, a slave wouldnt have that option at all, Coetzees Friday can take no part, being unable to speak. His isolation and treatment as second class is made far more visible by his disability, a device Coetzee used to avoid speaking the black voice, as a privileged white man, whilst still drawing attention to the plight of slaves. Crusoe, Cruso and Barton were all seen to treat Friday very differently, but all see him as a possession in their own way. Crusoe did this most blatantly, in claiming, naming Friday and instructing him to call him Master, with Defoes Friday being portrayed as making signs of subjection, servitude, and submission to Crusoe without even any bidding. This added to the moral message of Robinson Crusoe, because it showed the savage being tamed, and later taught religion. This contrasts strongly with the Cruso created by Coetzee, who was sullen (J M Coetzee, Foe) in his service, who obeyed Cruso, but did not have the childish excitement or comically expressed pidgin (Chris Boignes, Lost in a maze of doubtin) portrayed in places by Defoe. Barton also claimed him, despite trying to treat him as an individual if Friday is not mine to set free, whose is he (J M Coetzee, Foe), and on some level saw him clearly as her property, forgetting that maybe it was not her right to set him free either. ( Chris Boignes, Lost in a maze of doubtin). The representation of Friday in these two texts is vastly different, and one could hardly believe that the two were in fact the same character. With different histories, and different personalities, in fact all both have in common is playing the role of the non-white slave in the text, to serve a literary purpose, in both reflecting the views of wider society towards non-white people, and in showing the development of other characters. This is not to say that either Friday was one-dimensional, in particular Coetzees Friday was multi-dimensional and complex, but more that despite the character complexity, despite his being resistant to being interpreted (Bishop C Scott, J. M. Coetzees Foe), and how central they were, both were created to serve only a purpose. 1. Bishop, C. Scott. J. M. Coetzees Foe. World Literature Today 64.1 (1990): 54. Print. http://www.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfx:sfxsici=0196-3570(1990)64:1%3C54:JMC%22%3E2.0.CO;2-H 2. Wagner, KM. Dichter and Dichtung + Foe by Coetzee, John Susan Barton and the truth of autobiography. English studies in Africa 32.1 (1989): 1-11. Print. http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk/articles/displayItem.do?QueryType=articlesResultsID=12B06460CF2F1F413filterSequence=0ItemNumber=1journalID=4273 3. Joanna Scott. Voice and trajectory: An interview with J. M. Coetzee Salmagundi.114/115 (1997): 82.22. Print.  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01511343divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft 4. Bongie, Chris. Lost in the Maze of Doubtin: J. M. Coetzees Foe and the Politics of (Un)Likeness. Modern Fiction Studies 39.2 (1993): 261-0. Print. http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk/PDF/1286892456412.pdf 5. Brett C McInelly. Expanding Empires, Expanding Selves: Colonialism, the Novel, and Robinson Crusoe. Studies in the Novel 35.1 (2003): 1. Print.   http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01665469divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft 6. Cohen, D. Fashioning Friday (Robinson Crusoe). Queens Quarterly 115.1 (2008): 9-11. Print.   http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179351988.html 7. Wheeler, Roxann. My Savage, My Man: Racial Multiplicity in Robinson Crusoe. ELH 62.4 (1995): 821. Print.  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfx:sfxsici=0013-8304(1995)62:4%3C821:SMRM%3E2.0.CO;2-Q 8. Ritchie, DE. Robinson Crusoe as Narrative Theologian. Renascence essays on values in literature 49.2 (1997): 94-17. Print. http://find.galegroup.com/shax/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-DocumentsresultListType=RESULT_LISTqrySerId=Locale(en,,):FQE%3D(tx,None,39)robinson+crusoe+as+narrative+theologian$sgHitCountType=NoneinPS=truesort=DateDescendsearchType=AdvancedSearchFormtabID=T013prodId=SHAXsearchId=R1currentPosition=1userGroupName=rho_ttdadocId=A19983243docType= 9. Donoghue, Frank. Inevitable Politics: Rulership and Identity in Robinson Crusoe. Studies in the Novel 27.1 (1995): 1-0. Print http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01532799divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft 10. Ngugi Wa Thiongo. The language of African literature. Decolonising the Mind. London / Portsmouth N.H James Currey / Heinemann 1986 11. Judith Hawley Robinson Crusoe (University Lecture) 7th October 2010

Drama In Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay

A very living and breathing drama of life is painted in â€Å"Road Not Taken† that presents a situation in which speaker is caught in a decision-making dilemma. The setting of the poem presents the speaker t a bifurcation of road where he must decide which trail to take. He can not make out where either road leads. He looks at the physical aspects of the road and decides to travel on the less-traveled road. The poem symbolizes the underlying theme of choice-making and speaker’s individuality in prefer a less-common way. It further implies that decision-making must not be procrastinated because it is more harmful than the outcome of an endeavor. Furthermore, in manifest that there is no absolute choice available to human being and he has to prefer one choice over the other provided and governed by destiny. The only distinction that poet has, is his preference of less-common choice. Although whole poem is an extended metaphor of life where one comes across many occasions when he has to make decisions but Frost introduces various metaphorical expression to convey the intensity of the situation. In the very first line, Robert Frost brings in the primary metaphor, the diverging roads. Fist line introduces the dilemma of diverging road while in line 2-3 poet shows the limitations of physical being and regrets over human incapability to travel on both road. â€Å"Long I stood† depicts that he did take the impulsive decision and took his time to make decision. Lines 4-10 depict his comparative examination of both roads. He again refers to human incapacity when he acknowledges that his vision is inadequate. Next two lines resonate the past feeling as he finds the both road â€Å"really about the same†. In 13-15, he makes his decision whereas lines five lines, he visualizes himself in future, talking about his decision to go on the less-traveled path.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tone of the poem is meditative because speaker contemplates on his options. He has to take into account the characteristics of each road. There is an element of regret also as he can not travel on both road but poems ends on an optimistic not as poet thinks that traveling on less-traveled road will make the difference. He signifies the importance of his individuality that compels him to move on a less-trodden path. He does not adopt the ordinary path in the mundane activities of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The structure of the poem has a peculiar importance and is constructed on four stanzas with five lines each. The first stanza presents the dilemma; second stanza symbolizes the choices available to the speaker. Third stanza manifests his regret over not taking the other road whereas fourth road depicts the decision of the poet to take the less traveled road. There is sign of exclamation after line 13 that indicates the excitement on decision to keep the first path for another day but this excitement soon dies out as he doubts that whether he will come back. In lines 18 and 19, there is repetition of â€Å"I† that denotes the emphasis on â€Å"his† decision to move on less traveled trail. Rhyme scheme of the poem is abaabcdccd†¦Frost uses simple diction that conveys his message with comprehensive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So as a whole, this poem uses different poetical tools to describe the psychological dilemma of the poet in decision-making. His experience is not subjective but is of universal nature and he presents it in a subtle way.

Important Symbols in Lord of the Flies by William Golding

In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies, he uses unique elements to symbolize many concepts throughout the story. The two most important but differing symbols used throughout the novel are the Conch and Sow’s head symbolically used by the author to demonstrate the transition of good to evil as the darkness of savagery slowly begins to powerfully overtake the boys’ mental concept of their civilian nature that they were born into. Both symbolically represent a certain importance and power to the boys as they fight to maintain order and civility on the island while trying to contain control over the group of young boys as they begin to abandon all ties to their once civilized life and mindset that they once knew. Isolation and daily struggles to survive on the island lead to the transition to killing and becoming more barbaric. The taste of killing and power becomes an overpowering obsession that the boys cannot consciously control. Lord of the Flies is a novel using different elements to show symbolism of different people in society and their reactions when cut off from the world and left to survive on their own. The conch and sow’s head are used as power over the group of boys. Jack Uses the conch to try and keep everyone working together, while Jack uses the sow’s head to threaten and show that meat and killing is the only importance in staying alive. Both boys have two different concepts and mental thinking of how things should be run on the island. Jack and Ralph’sShow MoreRelatedThe Powers of the Symbols in Lord of the Flies929 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies is a novel that is all about symbols that have different powers which is used on the boys. Two of the symbols which are the conch and the sow’s head contain powers that are opposite of each other and they have a great affect on the boys. Lord of the Flies would be a different story without symbols. The conch has the powers that lead to civilization and order. It represents the authority that the boys will need to get rescued from the island. The sow’s head on the other hand representsRead MoreLord Of The Flies : Representation Of Violence And War1611 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesLord Of The Flies: Representation Of Violence and War Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian, states that â€Å" The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.† In William Golding’s Lord Of The Flies, societal topics run rampant throughout the text with Golding’s use of individuals to represent different aspects of society. Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. 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Throughout the book Golding portrays symbols and constant themes which show how he feels about the human race; that there is an inner beast inside everyone and no matter who you are, it will eventually get exposed. Golding also shows symbols throughout the book which represent theRead MoreLord Of The Flies Pig Head Analysis1023 Words   |  5 Pages2017 The Symbolic Meaning of the Lord of the Flies â€Å"We are civilized people, which means that we are all savages at heart but observing a few amenities of civilized behaviour.† Tennessee Williams, a prize winning playwright once stated about civilized humans. In the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding this quote depicts what the book is trying to point out and display to us. The quote ties in with the pig head on a stick, otherwise known as the Lord of the Flies. 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Abraham Lincoln Was Not A Friend Of Africans - 1343 Words

Topic: Abraham Lincoln was not a friend of Africans Many American believe President Abraham Lincoln was a friend of Africans and even suggest that he freed the slave which is far from the truth. Although Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation made history the controversy remains as to the true reason of the Emancipation Proclamation. Many historian now believe that Emancipation Proclamation was design to protect the union and not free the slaves. It is true that Lincoln thought slavery is a bad institution however, it is also true that he believes that blacks could not be assimilated with whites. The truth is the Great Emancipator was never interested in putting an end to slavery. Is Lincoln a friend of Africans? The answer is no. First, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves it protected the union. Second, Lincoln’s suggestion of colonizing blacks by deporting them from the Unites States was another ploy to alienate Africans. Third. Fourth. For these reasons I will prove to you that Lincoln is not a friend of Africans. It is important to understand that on October of 1854 Lincoln let it be known that he condemned slavery even though he did not know how to eliminate it. Lincoln professed that all men are created equal. However, in one of the Lincoln’s debate with Frederick Douglas, Douglas accuse Lincoln of being a lover of the Negro race. Lincoln vehemently denied the charge by stating, â€Å"I am not, nor have I ever been, in favor ofShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter971 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Lincoln is an American President who hasn’t been overlooked in the decades following his death. His character still lives on today as he resonates through popular American culture. Many books and movies have been produced about his life to show the role he played in our history and the impact he had on our country. The most recent film, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, captivated audience’s attention with a riveting tale about our sixteenth president hunting vampire s. The film contains someRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Characteristics of a Hero907 Words   |  4 Pagesthe qualities of a hero: courageous, perseverant and compassionate – all of which Abraham Lincoln perfectly demonstrates. Abraham Lincoln was born in February 12, 1809, in a log cabin to a family of uneducated and poor pioneers (Denenberg and Bing). Throughout his life, Lincoln would be presented with many challenges, and will each time intrepidly tackle each challenge. Having no access to a formal education, Lincoln had to take his learning in his own hands, and owes his intellect and eloquence toRead MoreThe Year Long Period Of Social Unrest1747 Words   |  7 PagesWar, Abraham Lincoln, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor pursuing the revival of the confederacy and the total destruction of the Union. 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That is, a white master, having sexual relations with black female and discipline African American man without any impediments. It can be inferred that that white mast er or white overseer is in complete control. InRead MoreAfrican American And The American1464 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American The beginning of our nation there were many battles between the Native American and the arrives of the European such as the Spanish, The English, The French, and Dutch. In those battle, the Native American had to fight for their lands, they were mistreated, and usually they were called, â€Å"Savage† but Native American weren’t the only people who suffer throughout history. African American, Irish, Mexican, Japaneses , Asian, Germany, Chinese and many more suffer in the hand of the English

The Utilisation Of Symmetry Within Filmmaking - 1645 Words

This following proposal will feature how the utilisation of symmetry within filmmaking, primarily in cinematography, is a stylised technique used to highlight significant events film narratives. This proposal will decipher whether symmetry used as a stylistic filmic technique, is a notable and powerful visual aid that heightens the viewers experience and significance of narrative developments. The purpose of this study is to gauge information about how symmetry showcases a posed and staged approach in filmmaking, and if that will drive the movement of film narratives. Thorough analysis of examples of works by American director Wes Anderson will be conducted throughout this proposal. Introduction The highly creative decision of†¦show more content†¦This is due to the possibility of symmetry being used randomly and thoughtlessly, running a high risk of creating visual disturbances in the narrative of the film, thus, potentially leading the initial direction of the narrative astray and the viewers to be confused as the film advances (Thonsagaard, L, 2012). Wes Anderson (born 1969), best know as an Academy Award winning American film director and screenwriter is respected and has mastered the art of symmetry. His films are extremely identifiable, as his constant usage of symmetry within his feature films create a powerful visual aid which are capable of communicating complex meanings that cannot be conveyed visually without the addition of symmetry. Anderson s work is also notable for his distinctive narrative writing and style and also the inclusion of adding reoccurring collaborations with various actors and creatives (McClintock, P, 2014). The definition of symmetry follows and refers to â€Å"†¦quality being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis† (Oxford Dictionary of English). This proposal will primarily focus on Anderson’s filmmaking, discussing his utilisation of symmetry within his works and how he produces a visual aesthetic and experimental style of filmmaking that has gained him the title of being a respected director in the film industry. Anderson’s reason behind using symmetry instead

Character of good research Free Essays

Characteristics of Good Research Articles The following guidelines are taken from a series of editorial viewpoints In Research Quarterly for Exercise In Sport authored by Dry. Maureen Weiss (1 993, 1994, 1995). You should consider these your â€Å"bible† for assessing articles you read and for writing research proposals and eventually, manuscripts for publication. We will write a custom essay sample on Character of good research or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you follow these guidelines you will become a better reader, writer, and reviewer of research! 1. Introduction a. Is a theoretical or conceptual rationale provided for the study? B. Is there an adequate review and discussion of the pertinent empirical literature on the topic? Any key references omitted? C. Is there an explanation or justification for the selection of key variables in the study? D. Is there a logical progression and presentation of ideas that lead to the purpose of the present study? E. Do the hypotheses emanate logically from the theory and research presented? F. Is It specified how the research question extends the current knowledge base In the research topic? 2. Method a. Is the sample described thoroughly (age, gender, skill level, race, ethnicity) as well as the criteria for selection? B. Is the design clearly stated and Is it appropriate to the search questions? Are the relevant independent and dependent variables clarified? C. Are the measures described adequately (validity, reliability, item and scoring format)? D. Are the procedures described completely and clearly enough so that they could be replicated by others? E. Is a road map provided for how the data are to be analyzed to address key study issues (e. G. , reliability of measures, each of the key research questions)? 3. Results a. Is the results section readable? B. Are subheadings appropriately used to enhance readability and the â€Å"road map†? C. Are the appropriate statistics used to answer key study questions? D. Is all relevant Information associated with a particular statistical procedure reported? E. Are the statistical findings Interpreted accurately? 4. Discussion a. Is the study purpose briefly recapped for the reader? B. Are the results summarized in relation to the study hypotheses (support, did not support)? C. Are the study results compared to pertinent studies mentioned in the introduction? D. Are theoretical implications provided? E. Are practical implications provided, if appropriate? F. Are future research directions outlined briefly? Is there a concluding paragraph that brings closure to the article by ensuring that readers â€Å"get† the take-home message? 5. Other Issues a. Is the manuscript written clearly and understandably? B. Do all aspects of the manuscript conform to PAP style? How to cite Character of good research, Essays

Hierarchy of Power in Australia HealthCare System †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Hierarchy of Power in Australia HealthCare System. Answer: Introduction A 2017 study by a group of America researchers on the 11 different health care models that are used by developed countries around the world revealed that Australias healthcare system is one of the best in the world (Hierarchystructure, 2017). Australias healthcare system is regarded as one of the most comprehensive, accessible and affordable systems in the world. The system is managed by the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing whose mandate is to ensure that all Australians have access to important family and health services. Health care services in the country are predominantly provided by hospitals that are either government or private operated and by private medical practitioners. The country also has Medicare which is a universal health care system that subsidizes most of the medical costs for Australian citizens in Australia (Hierarchystructure, 2017). The success of the countrys Medicare system is largely attributed to the advanced nature of its private health insurance system. Despite the significant level of success achieved by the healthcare system, the country has witnessed a rise in the number of individuals who believe that hierarchy and power are intrinsic to the current health care system (Jamieson et al., 2015). Proponents of this school of thought argue that under the current health care system, the powerful members of the society obtain better healthcare services than the less powerful members. They believe that a persons status in society plays an integral role in determining the type of health care he/she gets. This objective of this paper is to provide a discussion on the argument that hierarchy and power are intrinsic in Australias healthcare system. The paper will seek to determine the validity of the argument and its impact on the Countrys health care system. The paper will also seek to investigate why proponents of this argument believe it to be so. Sociology and the Role of Perspectives The level of success obtained by Australias healthcare system is made possible due to the social life in the country. A number of studies have made it evident that an individuals social life is capable of significantly influencing his/her health. One such study was conducted by the University of North Carolina and proved that individuals with close supportive relationships have better physical health outcomes than those without. The study also proved that individuals with positive social life respond better to health care than those without. To obtain a better understanding of how society influences individuals, it is important to review the primary theoretical perspectives as they provide a paradigm view of the society. The perspectives are symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory. Symbolic interactionism requires health care practitioners to regard the symbols and details of a persons everyday life when providing the individual with care. The functionalist perspective holds that all societal aspects are interdependent and they contribute to the functionality of the society as a whole. The conflict perspective holds that society is in a state of constant competition for scarce resources and that the wealthy in society are able to control the weak. The conflict perspective covers the concept of hierarchy and power in determining the type of health care afforded to individuals. Under this perspective, individuals who are wealthy in society obtain better health care than those who are not. Biomedical Model The biomedical model is a medical perspective that is used by health care providers in the diagnosis of disease and the delivery of care. Under the biomedical model health care is provided to an individual based primarily on the persons biological processes. The model does not consider an individuals living conditions or lifestyle but instead focusing on the illness with the objective of returning the individuals physical health to its re illness state. The cause of the illness is not placed at the center of the model thereby eliminating the concept of hierarchy and power in the delivery of health care. The biomedical model of health care has a number of advantages and disadvantages. Some of its major advantages include the creation of advances in research and technology, provides for the treatment of a number of common problems, extends life expectancy, and improves life quality. Some of the disadvantages associated with the biomedical model include it is costly due to the fact that it relies on technology and professional health care workers, not all medical conditions can be treated through this model, it does not always promote the health of the person. Individuals who argue that Australias health care system is integrated with hierarchy and power cite the fact that the countrys health care system is based on biomedical model which costly makes it susceptible to influence by those who are in power. Hierarchy and Power The term hierarchy and power can be used both in a social context and in a medical context. Under the social context, the term hierarchy and power refers to how the wealthy members of society are able to acquire better health care services than the disadvantaged members of the society. This concept of hierarchy and power is greatly supported by the conflict social perspective discussed above. Elements of this form of hierarchy and power are evident within the Australian health care context where individuals who are of a higher economic and social standing are able to afford better health insurance coverage and as a result of this obtain better health care services. The second context of health care and power that this paper will focus on is that found within healthcare setting which focuses greatly on the structure of healthcare organizations. The term hierarchy and power is usually associated with a medical practitioners status, ego, position within the organization and in some context financial means. Under thus context the term refers to the gap that exists between different levels in the health care system. A number of Australian health care workers have complained that the concept of hierarchy and power is largely evident in the one sided movement of communication within the sector. The countries health care system is faulted for focusing only on the following of orders and established protocols with less emphasis on identifying solutions jointly as a team. Under the concept of hierarchy and power in the health care system, health care practitioners and patients are leveled based on their respective role in the organizations. The hierarchical structure is laced in a such a manner that the opinions if the healthcare provider who is regarded as the expert in the medical sector are provided with more importance than the opinions of the patient. This system is criticized for being oppressive of patients who occupy the lowest position within the hierarchy. Opposition to the system of health care is largely due to the fact that it does not provide for patient participation in the treatment process. Under the medical context power is also used to refer to professional power which is the expertise and capability of a medical practitioner to perform a particular task in a manner that is appropriate It is argued in most quarters that professional power for medical practitioners stems from the health care organization that they belong to, their personal influence, self presentation and their personal identity. Professional Power in the health care sector is generated from both outside and within the system. The medical practitioners responsibilities, roles, skills and knowledge account for the amount of power he has (Griscti et al., 2017). This implies that the more skills, knowledge, responsibilities and roles ascribed to a particular medical practitioner, the more powerful he/she is. The more powerful a medical practitioner is, the higher up he/she is within the health care systems hierarchical tree. This model of health care is criticized by most practitioners as it Places service users at a great disadvantage. This is in the sense that the health care practitioner utilizes his expertise in the matter in alleviating the health statues of the service user. Number of Players within the health care sector argue for the empowerment of service users to provide them with responsibility in the decision making process of their medical care. The context of Power within the health care system is covered under two theories namely expert Power theory and legitimate Power theory. The expert Power theory holds that Power is obtained from having specialist skills and knowledge in a particular field (Griscti et al., 2017). The legitimate Power theory holds that a Person in authority is able to influence people who are not in authority (Griscti et al., 2017). Implications (Connections to Australian Health Care System) As indicated in the introduction section of the paper, Australia has one of the greatest health care systems in the world. The medical facilities in the country are not only highly professional but also well organized and managed. The Australian medical system abides by a stringent hierarchical structure with regards to the placement of medical staff and the provision of medical care to patients. The medical staff does not consist only of doctors and nursing but also members of the administrative staff and executives who occupy the lower levels of the organization. The highest level in Australias medical hierarchy system is that of the senior medical officer which consists of the general practitioners who are followed by staff practitioners and the career hospital doctors (The tyranny of excessive medical hierarchy, 2017). Under the senior medical officers are the visiting medical officers. The visiting medical officers supersede the registrars who in turn supersede the principle house officers who supersede the residential medical officers. The residential medical officers consist of the senior house officers, junior house officers and the intern respectively (The tyranny of excessive medical hierarchy, 2017). The senior medical officers occupy the top most level of Australias health care system in under the hospital context. The SMOs are either appointed as non specialist or general officers in the staff grade positions. The non-specialists officers refer to those individuals who may not have the qualifications to work in a specific field but operate in any specialist under specialist supervision. The SMOs who operate under the staff grade position are individuals who maybe qualified in different medical fields or jurisdictions (The tyranny of excessive medical hierarchy, 2017). This title is largely occupied by international medical graduates who maintain the title under their fellowship that is conferred upon them by the relevant Australian Specialty University of the medical college. The major sub divisions under this SMO category are the general practitioners, staff practitioners and the career hospital doctors. The visiting medical occupy the second tier of the hospitals hierarchy system. They are specialists who operate their own private hospitals or act as general practitioners who provide consultation services at either public or private hospitals. The third tier of the hierarchical ladder is occupied by registrars. These are doctors who have been gained acceptance into a specialists training program that is accredited with a particular nominated college in a specific clinical specialty. The principle house officers occupy the next level of the hierarchical structure and consist of individuals who are in the fourth year of their post graduation studies. The PHOs are also given minor responsibilities in the hospitals with regards to the treatment patients. Based on this the PHO can be described as a medical practitioner who isnt going through an accredited study course that will result in him or her obtaining a higher medical degree (The Hidden Power Within the Healthcare Hierarchy, 2016). In some hospitals in Australia, the position is seen to be equivalent to that of the registrar. The final step in the hierarchical ladder is the resident medical officers. They include the senior house officer who is a medical practitioner in his 3rd year of post graduate education (Hierarchystructure, 2017). The junior house officer is a medical practitioner in his/her 2nd year of post graduate education (The Hidden Power Within the Healthcare Hierarchy, 2016). The intern is the last level of the hierarchy within the Australian hospital organization. He/she is a medical practitioner in his/her first year of post graduate education. The hospital hierarchical system is integrated seamlessly with the entire health sectors ladder system where the patients are placed below the interns with regards to the provision of care (Hierarchystructure, 2017). The lowest tier in the ladder is the patients family who in most instances do not play any role in the patients treatment process. A number of debates have been held as to whether or not the stringent heirarchial system within the countrys health care system is the major contributor to its success or not. Individuals who argue for the system hold that through the stringent heirarchail system, medical practitioners are empowered to effectively execute the task assigned to tem therefore enhancing the quality of health care provided (Crowe, Clarke, Brugha, 2017). Those who argue against these systems indicate that the patient is unable to participate effectively in the treatment process thereby hurting the effectiveness of the process (Kuokkanen, Leino?Kilpi, 2000). In a study conducted on Australias health care system, it was raveled that a significant percentage of patients confessed to being part of a number of experiences where their contributions are not taken into account due to the fact that the countrys current health care system does not provide for it and advice of the health care provider who is the expert prevails over the voice of the patient. The study also found that the hospitals hierarchical structure worked to support this dynamic as nurses where privileged as gate keepers of the service and excluded the patients input when creating the nursing notes or either through self regulation (Gardner et al., 2017). However, the study concluded that the a significant percentage of the patients who underwent through this experience indicate that even though they found it distasteful, the received quality service from the health care provider. Overall Critical Depth In summary it is logical to conclude that the hierarchy and power are intrinsic elements of Australias medical system and that the success of the system lies in the elements. By stringently regulating the health care system, the country has been able to control the quality of service provided by the hospital thereby ensuring increased welfare. Hierarchy and power within the health care system can also be categorized in two (The Hidden Power Within the Healthcare Hierarchy, 2016). The first category is that within the hospital and represents the statues of the medical practitioners and the second category is that of the relationship between medical practitioners and patients. The heirarchail system of the hospital has also served to make it easier for the allocation of responsibilities within the hospital and the provision of pay (Liberatore, Nydick, 2008). The nurses also play a significant role in managing the hierarchy system as they play a gate keeper role in ensuring that communication flow is unidirectional (The Hidden Power Within the Healthcare Hierarchy, 2016). Despite its numerous advantages, one of the key disadvantages of sticking to a stringent hierarchical system, the Australian health care system has served to eliminate patient participation in the treatment process (Liberatore, Nydick, 2008). This has led to a rise in the number of readmissions as more and more patients are unable to continue with care after leaving the hospital either due to unclear instructions or failure to understand the instructions. Another major disadvantage of the system is that it has resulted in internal conflict between hospital staff and those who occupy the lower tiers of the hierarchical ladder feel that their input into matters affecting health care are not taken into consideration when making decisions. In conclusion the hierarchical and power elements of Australias health care have both positive and negative sides. References Griscti, O., Aston, M., Warner, G., Martin?Misener, R., McLeod, D. (2017). Power and resistance within the hospital's hierarchical system: the experiences of chronically ill patients.Journal of clinical nursing,26(1-2), 238-247. Hierarchystructure. (2017, October 04). 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