Current Issues in Business Ethics and CSR Essay

Current Issues in Business Ethics and CSR - Essay Example See the remarks nearby the content for insight concerning course material that truly would have been helpful help for focuses you make. You additionally discard 10% of the imprints accessible by not composing a self-reflection on your group bunch introduction. Of the 60 or so understudies on the module you are just about the only one not to present a self-reflection-why? This criticism is being offered for reasons for guidance and direction and to help your learning and advancement in this module. References to gauges or stamps are altogether temporary and subject to affirmation following University systems. Just University Assessment Boards can give affirmed, complete marks† â€Å"The issue with sweatshops is that there are insufficient of them†(Jeffrey Sachs â€Å"The End of Poverty†). Considering the Rana Plaza Bangladesh sweatshop fire that executed 1,100 individuals (2013) is it wrong to cherish sweatshops? Business morals includes the idea of social obligation towards the partners. The partners incorporate the financial specialists, clients, workforce, and government. They are those individuals who are associated with the corporate procedures and furthermore are affected from the corporate choices and any progressions that occur in the corporate. Corporate partners are additionally those individuals who can influence the corporate choices and working too (Werther and Chandler et al, 2010). Partners, particularly the workforce should be given equivalent chances and their privileges must not be abused. The workforce drives the corporate capacities, particularly the individuals that work in the lower classes as in sweatshops. These gatherings of individuals follow requests and work for the creation of products for the organization working for extended periods of time in a day. The partners of an organization should be fulfilled and their requests need to met consistently (Werther and Chan dler et al, 2010). This is on the grounds that as referenced before they are very

Alexander the Great’s Legacy Free Essays

Alexander the Great was perhaps the best broad the world has ever observed. His assurance helped him spread the Greek culture (additionally called Hellenism) all through his realm. In a short thirteen years, Alexander vanquished the Persians and controlled probably the greatest realm ever. We will compose a custom exposition test on Alexander the Great’s Legacy or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Lead by his dads partiality against the Persians and famous personality has lead numerous history specialists to ponder, was Alexander extremely extraordinary? Alexander’s first fight was with the Persians at Granicus River in 334 B. C. E. By the accompanying spring, Alexander controlled the whole western portion of Asia minor. The Persian lord, Darius the third, attempted to stop Alexander however fizzled at Issus in 333 B. C. E. After his triumph Alexander at that point turned south and by the winter of 332 B. C. E, Alexander controlled Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. In 331 B. C. E Alexander indeed battled the Persians at Gaugamella in the Northwest of Babylon. After his triumph Alexander entered the Persian legislative centers of Susa and Persepolis and ravaged the entirety of the gold and fortunes of the city. Not happy with his triumph over Persia, Alexander kept on pursueing the Persian ruler Darius the third just to find that he had been slaughtered by one of his own men. This lead Alexander to go east to India. Depleted and exhausted of one more fight, Alexanders men mutinied against him and constrained him to withdraw from India. Alexander had made one the greatest realms the world has seen, yet unfit to leave a beneficiary, it fell similarly as fast as it rose after his demise at 32 years old. Some theorized that fever or over the top liquor utilization lead to his demise, others accept that he was harmed. Climate he had plans for a world realm are obscure, however in his dads last wishes he answered to advise Alexander to † grow your domain for the one I left you isn't sufficient. † Was Alexander extremely extraordinary? Alexander was a self announced decedent of the Gods, guaranteeing that he was identified with Hercules. He was known to kill dear Friends and guides in the event that they restricted his desires and had a brutal temper. Before the finish of his rule, Alexander has butchered thousand whose solitary wrongdoing was being in his manner. His personality persuades that his armed forces prevailing inspired by a paranoid fear of Alexander as opposed to his administration. Be that as it may, Alexander’s heritage was significant. He crushed the Persian realm and spread Hellenism all through the terrains. Without Alexander, the Greek culture would have fell and passed on nearby the realm. References: 1. â€Å"Alexander the Great†. Joseph Cortelli. Historyofmacedonia. organization Web. 13 July, 2013 2. William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel. Cengage Learning: World Civilizations 1. 2009 Manson, Ohio. Step by step instructions to refer to Alexander the Great’s Legacy, Papers

Behold, a day job!

Behold, a day job! This summer at nerd camp, I heard about a band called The Pipettes. I spent more time than necessary looking into the origins of their name and hoping its selection somehow involved science, since I pipette things all the time. As it turns out, the name is simply part of this 50s-British-girl-group kitschy image theyre trying to pull off, which has nothing to do with science at all. I was crushed. (The feeling lasted about two seconds. Give me some credit, people Im not that big of a nerd, although I do occasionally go OMG SCIENCE! about things.) I just shared that with you for two reasons, the first being that I already go to MIT; denying my nerdiness is futile, so I might as well be unabashedly proud of it. The second one involves what I do all this pipetting for: lets talk about my UROP! (You want some wine with that cheesy intro?) Remember this Paint-classy picture of how far I walk every day? It still applies. (The fun part comes when Im standing at the west parallel of EC, since I can see both my window at work and my window at home.) Last September, I started a UROP in the OConnor Lab. The labs a part of the chemistry department; our research, however, is centered around the natural compounds produced by the periwinkle plant C. roseus, so a major part of what we do involves techniques in molecular biology as well as biochemistry and organic chemistry. I came across the labs website last year when I was looking for a summer job, and the work they were doing sounded really interesting. Since Sarah OConnor was one of my 5.12 professors at the time, I stayed after class one day and told her what I thought. I also asked for a job. The exchange went exactly as awkwardly as it sounds. Um, I dont actually have a question about lecture today, but I was looking at the webpage for your lab and what you guys do sounds really cool. Can I have a UROP? It couldnt have been that bad, though rather than immediately turn me down (which is what I thought would happen its hard to find a UROP if you start looking too late in the year), she asked me if I was okay with starting in the fall instead. I spent my summer at CTD instead and started working with a grad student at the start of the fall term. Since last semester was my first experience with anything in a lab outside of the experiments in AP Bio, I spent most of the term learning basic lab techniques and playing around with bacteria. More than once a week, you could hear me swearing loudly at petri dishes Id inoculated with mutant strains of E.coli Express my f***ing protein! EXPRESS! Dont make me have to do this again Thisll start happening again in the spring. (Im sure everyone in the lab misses it.) My project this IAP, though, involves running kinetic reactions for twelve different analogs of one compound, secologanin, to find out whether any of these new substrates react more effectively with the enzyme strictosidine synthase (STS) than regular ol secologanin. (I referenced Wikipedia! Twice! If this were a paper for a class, Id be in hot water right now.) If youve ever taken samples while running kinetics before, you know that it essentially works like this: A three-sample example of what Ive spent the last two weeks doing at my UROP 0:00:00 Start first reaction. 0:00:30 Start second reaction. 0:01:00 Start third reaction. One hour and fifty-six minutes of downtime, during which I prepare LC-MS vials for the rest of the day, look for summer research programs my GPA is too low for me to be accepted into, and take care of the million emails Ive received from people about Wild Party or prefrosh who want to know how to get into MIT 1:57:21 Suddenly remember Im supposed to take samples of the reactions at the two-hour mark. Wonder whether Ive missed it. Panic, run to my bench, spin down samples, wait. 2:00:00 Take sample from first reaction. 2:00:30 Take sample from second reaction. 2:01:00 Take sample from third reaction. Repeat at 3, 4, and 5 hours. This is my last week working full-time, though Ill be taking a three-unit neuroanatomy class (braaaaaiiinnns, yay!) for four hours every morning next week, and then spring semester will start. (Already?! Didnt IAP start around two seconds ago?) Next week is also prod week known as hell week to anyone who has ever been involved in theater for Wild Party, so Ill be swamped with producery things until we close on the 9th. If youre in the area, come see us! Itll be wild. Some might even call it a wild, wild, party. Its almost 2:00:00, so thats all youll get from me today. Im about to show off my pipetting skills like nothing else.

Mr. Robert Worstell s Invisible Man - 1937 Words

Jordan Welty Mr. Robert Worstell AP Literature and Composition Wednesday, August 26, 2015 In all stories, novels, and plays, cultural, physical, and geographical surroundings not only affect the plots of literature, but also shape psychological and moral traits in all characters. Pauline Hopkins said in Contending Forces, â€Å"And, after all, our surroundings influence our lives as much as fate, destiny, or any supernatural agency.† This can be seen in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man. In the prologue of the novel, the narrator immediately tells the reader that he is an invisible man, but he is not talking about physically. He states, â€Å"I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. That invisibility to which I refer occurs†¦show more content†¦I never told you, but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemy’s country since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I want you to overcome ’em with yeses, undermine ’em with grins, agree ’em to death and destruction, let ’em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open. Learn it to the younguns,† (Ellison, page 16). These words had an impact on the narrator all throughout his life and led to him accepting his invisibility at the end of the novel. When the narrator was a junior in college, he had his first experience with betrayal. He was asked to drive a wealthy white trustee of the college named Mr. Norton around the campus. Mr. Norton asked the narrator to drive him to the old slave quarters, where he meets a sharecropper named Jim Trueblood. After listening to Trueblood talk about getting his own daughter pregnant, Mr. Norton began to feel faint and asked the narrator to get him some whiskey. The narrator took him to the Golden Day, a saloon for black people and mentally imbalanced veterans. Once Mr. Norton regained consciousness, the narrator got him back to the college and had to face Dr. Bledsoe, the president of the col lege. Dr. Bledsoe was very angry with the narrator for not showing Mr. Norton an idealized version of black life. Dr. Bledsoe lectured, â€Å"Ordered you? He ordered you. Dammit, white folk are always giving orders, it’s a habit

Health Related Essay Topics Guide

Health Related Essay Topics Guide Life After Health Related Essay Topics The expense of prescription drugs is too significant. A conventional medical insurance plan in which you opt for the doctors is the very best. Just take a test to see whether you're at risk for absolutely any dangerous disease or virus. Why the brain is so crucial. Knowing your ancestry is essential for health. Unfortunately, huge numbers of people have never been insured. Why you ought to be a blood donor. An increasing number of individuals are experiencing health problems brought on by a modern life style which cannot be treated with modern medicines. Provide certain examples of how you've been affected including services you have used, care you've received, or knowledge and information you use to produce health decisions. Why taking a vacation is beneficial for your wellbeing. The price of running the health care is extremely costly. The expense of employing qualified personnel in the medication field is another issue accessible. The Benefits of Health Related Essay Topics Training to compose essays on various topics is going to be the ideal preparation to the exam. For many students, selecting the most suitable topic is easily the most challenging part of making a literature review. The topics aren't restricted to the above topics only, you can always locate an inspiration from different sources and write about them. There are a few great topics to think about when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argued in an essay. Once you comprehend the kind of essay, it's time to choose a topic. To put it differently, the politician who would like a vote, or the fake news websites that just need a click. Strictly don't utilize Wikipedia you will surely get penalty for it. Such essays shall have a good deal of quotations, based just on facts and laws, and show no more than the true picture of the circumstance. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically considering the world around us. The topics for argumentative essays are often quite self-explanatory they're common understanding. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. What you aspire to teach your reader will decide on the sort of your essay. Because of our free texts, you have the newest information that's prepared by our experts in writing. The same as the essay type name suggests, it's supposed to inform. When you choose the best topic you shall allow it to be attractive to the reader. Why exercise is very good for you. Wearing pajamas in bed is helpful for your wellness. Fire safety awareness should be raised. Teen suicide awareness should be raised. Our life is about words. Tattoos mean unique things to various men and women. Write about how they are created. Taking a peek at what others have written before will provide you with a very good idea about what depth and complexity is expected for your writing. Remember that you may make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. To be certain you are on the most suitable way you require help in writing your paperwork. When you want assistance with something such as finding sources of literature review ideas or if you will need help locating a topic, we're here to supply you with the assistance you are searching for.

Foundations of physiotherapy practice Free Essays

string(139) " strength may be directly linked with the fact there is a decrease in activity of the lower limbs in patients with COPD \(Thomas, 2006, p\." Introduction The aim of the essay was to explore COPD in both theory and practice in correlation with the three main body systems. The body systems investigated in detail where the respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and the neurological systems. Each system was researched for the effects it has on exercise intolerance, quality of life and the limitations that develop for a patient as a result of COPD. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations of physiotherapy practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of pulmonary rehabilitation is inspected throughout the essay and its significance in the management of patients with COPD is expressed immensely within the context of the essay. There is an evidence based background to the exercise program used for the leaflet; it underpins the importance of using both endurance and strength training in order to improve some of the symptoms of COPD. The use of breathing exercises and techniques is also incorporated as it is a substantial part of the rehabilitation program. The role of the physiotherapist is fully established in the essay. The physiotherapist is recognised for his/her role in each aspect in the management of the condition. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease defined by airflow limitation that cannot be fully reversed. COPD is a combination of emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is defined by excessive mucus secretions and a productive cough for a sustained period of time (more than two years). Emphysema is defined by destruction of the alveoli and smallest airways and secondary effects on lung elasticity, and other airways (Gupta and Brooks, 2006, p.180).The airflow obstruction is generally progressive in nature correlated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to gases. Despite the fact COPD affects the lungs; it also contributes to a substantial systemic reaction (Celli et al., 2004).although evidence shows that no change in lung function (FEV1) occurs, no matter how radical the treatment for the patient may be. Even tough loss of lung function is not regained; affective pulmonary rehabilitation helps slow the rate of decline (Bellamy and Brooker, 2004, p.12). COPD is important common respiratory disorders in primary care. Diagnosis of COPD is often delayed until patients present with severe symptoms. There are a high percentage of individuals that are undiagnosed in the population. Aside from patients being advised to stop smoking, it is important that pulmonary rehabilitation is part of the management of this condition and physiotherapist understand how to prescribe appropriate exercise training for patients with COPD (Gupta and Brooks, 2006, p.180).Patients with COPD are in the largest percentage of individuals referred for pulmonary rehabilitation. There is an increase in the evidence-based support for pulmonary rehabilitation in the management of patients with COPD (Nici et al., 2006). It addresses the numerous needs of the patient. It has many components which are highly effective in caring for the patient. Pulmonary rehabilitation incorporates the following: smoking cessation, education, exercise training, psychology i nterventions, physiotherapy, and nutrition. Exercise training is a vital component of pulmonary rehabilitation and is aimed at improving some of the restricting problems associated with the disease, such as dyspnoea and exercise tolerance despite the irreversible deformities in lung function (Tiep, 1997, p.1652). Management is essential in helping the patient have a better quality of life, as patients with COPD sink into an inactive and dependent state causing them to be at high risk of depression and anxiety. (Maurer et al., 2008). Depression and anxiety are addressed in the psychosocial component of the rehabilitation program (Nici, et al., 2006, p.1399). During the progression of COPD, all body systems in some way become affected (Tiep, 1997, p.1631).patients with COPD tend to stop or reduce their level of physical activity as exertion leads to the patient having unpleasant sensations. A vicious cycle can occur, with reductions in physical activities causing severe deconditioning, and more limitations in each system affected by the condition (Thomas, 2006, p. 62).The changes in each of these systems are coexisting factors that contribute to the exercise intolerance in patients with the disease. The respiratory system is affected greatly by COPD; it contributes to exercise intolerance in a number a ways. Ventilatory limitations occur for many reasons. An increase in both airway resistance and expiratory flow limitations causes a severe increase in the work of breathing. The elastic walls of the alveoli provide a certain amount of driving force behind the active process of exhalation (Rochester, 2003, p.61). Airflow obstruction leads t o impaired lung emptying and a higher end expiratory lung volume due to the loss in elasticity of the alveolar walls. This worsens during exercise leading to dynamic hyperinflation. Hyperinflation restricts the tidal volume response to excretion, flattens the diaphragm and the accessory muscles are then used to aid respiration, and the muscle length-tension relationship of the respiratory muscles is altered forcing the muscles into a shortened position which puts them at a mechanical disadvantage. The degree of hyperinflation a patient is subject to is an important indicator of their exercise tolerance and dyspnea during exercise (Bellamy and Booker, 2004, p 23). Ventilatory limitations to exercise causes interruption in gas exchange that emerges from the increase dead space to tidal volume ratio, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and the reduction in diffusing capacity caused by the loss of alveolar/capillary connections. The increased dead space to tidal volume ratio in turn cause s an increased ventilatory demand, for the same degree of bodily exertion (Rochester, 2003, p. 61). Other factors also further increase ventilatory demand these include, lactic acidosis and hypoxemia which directly or indirectly limit exercise tolerance (Nici et al., 2006, p. 1391). The musculoskeletal system is affected also, there is evidence showing that muscle dysfunction contributes to exercise intolerance in COPD. The reduction in physical activities leads to damage in skeletal muscle function which in turn causes more symptoms at a less intensive level of work. Inactivity produces many structural and biomechanical changes in the skeletal muscle. Muscle strength is decreased in patients with COPD; peripheral muscle strength is to a much greater extent affected than upper limb muscles strength. The reduction in peripheral muscle strength may be directly linked with the fact there is a decrease in activity of the lower limbs in patients with COPD (Thomas, 2006, p. You read "Foundations of physiotherapy practice" in category "Essay examples" 63). There is also a reduction in endurance in both lower and upper limb muscles. Loss of lower limb muscle strength is equivalent to the reduction in muscle mass. With prolonged inactivity type 11a fibres (slow twitch f ibres) convert to type 11b (fast twitch fibres), Reduction in fibre type and decrease in cross-sectional of type 1 and 11a fibres is linked to muscle atrophy. Reduction in oxidative capacity and muscle atrophy is standard in patients with COPD. Deconditioning is an important factor in skeletal muscle dysfunction (Mador and Bozkanat, 2001). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has an extensive impact on the cardiovascular system. The increased right ventricular afterload which is caused by the increased pulmonary vascular resistance resulting from the structural abnormalities in pulmonary circulation, and the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction all contribute to the effects of COPD on the cardiovascular system. All of these processes lead to structural changes in the heart which include right ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy, to help conserve right ventricular output (Vonk-Noordegraaf, et al., 2005, p. 1901). The impaired ventricular filling is caused by hyperinflation and or other mechanical impairments. Cardiac output is relatively maintained in patients with COPD compared to normal individuals both at rest and during physical activities. Studies have proven that exercise training has no measurable impact on the changes in the cardiovascular system as the result of COPD. Like the irreversible effects COPD has on lung function, exercise training can slow it down but it can never be reversed back to normal no matter how extensive the treatment (Sietsema, 2001, p. 656-657). The neurological system is affected as a result of COPD. Neuropsychiatric disorders are common in patients with COPD, particularly depression and anxiety. The prevalence of depression is higher than anxiety it is over 20% higher than anxiety. They often go untreated in patients with COPD; the lack of adequate treatment leads to patients having a poor quality of life and is associated with premature death in COPD patients. The overall impact of depression and anxiety on COPD patients, their families, and society is important. Studies show that depression has been found to cause fatigue, dyspnoea, and disability (Maurer, et al., 2008, p. 43). Depression increases with hypoxemia, carbon dioxide levels, and dyspnea. Hypoxia in patients with COPD may be a major factor in the development of depression and anxiety due to lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain. However reduced physical capacity and negative self image may also be a causing factor in the development of the disease (Armstrong, 2010, p. 132). Pulmonary rehabilitation is the main intervention used to try and improve the systematic effects of COPD; its main concern is to control the symptoms and disease by including essential components such as the multidisciplinary team for support and guidance and the exercise training program for improvements in the patient’s physical limitations (Burton, et al., 1997, p. 879). The exercise training program of pulmonary rehabilitation must address the individual patient’s limitation to physical activity; these limitations may include ventilation limitations, gas exchange irregularities, and skeletal or respiratory muscle dysfunction. Exercise training aims to improve motivation for exercise, neuropsychiatric well being, decrease symptoms and improve quality of life. Moreover, the substantial improvement in oxidative capacity and efficiency of skeletal muscles has caused a decrease in alveolar ventilation for same degree of exertion. This can reduce dynamic hyperventilation, thus decreasing exertional dyspnoea (Aliverti and Macklem, 2001, p. 229). Pulmonary rehabilitation normally focuses on lower limb training, as loss of peripheral muscle strength in patients is high as loss of quadriceps muscle is reduced by up to 20-30% with patients in the moderate to severe phase of COPD. This is why exercise training is used to improve muscle strength. The dist ribution of muscle strength in patients with COPD is not equal between the lower and upper limb, there is evidence to prove the better preservation of the upper limb muscle strength (Thomas, 2006, p. 63). However upper limb exercises should be incorporated into the training program. Upper limb training results in an improvement in a patient’s ability to perform daily activities involving the upper body. Upper limb exercises also reduce dyspnoea and ventilatory requirements for arm elevation. Evidence based guidelines recommend the use of upper limb exercise as part of the exercise program as it is safe and requires little equipment (Rochester, 2003, p. 70) There are two types of exercise training used in the rehabilitation program aerobic endurance and strength training. Aerobic endurance exercise training is the main component of pulmonary rehabilitation. Evidence from a number of randomized controlled trails supports the use of lower extremity exercise training, it has been found to significantly improve exercise tolerance, timed walking distance, sub maximal endurance time, and health related quality of life. Exercise training includes ground walking training, treadmill walking, cycle ergometery, and inspiratory muscle training (Gupta and Brooks, (2006), p. 182). Cycle ergometery training supervised by the physiotherapist to make sure the patient is performing the exercise at the right intensity, has been proven to improve exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Studies have shown that the combination of both inspiratory muscle training and cycle ergometery training has greater benefits for patients than just cycle ergometery alone. The addition of inspiratory muscle training enhances both inspiratory muscle endurance and strength, improves exerc ise capacity significantly more than just cycle ergometery training on its own (Wanke, et al., 1994, p. 2205-2211). Walking is an exercise prescribed to patients for endurance training, as it is a regular exercise that patients find easy and a large percentage of patients continue walking at home or after the rehabilitation programme. Patients are encouraged to walk to the point of breathlessness; this technique improves exercise tolerance in patients as they push themselves to get physically fit. The Physiotherapist gives support to patients, by reassuring them that breathlessness during walking doesn’t cause any damage to the lungs or heart it is beneficial in improving their quality of life (Bellamy and Booker, 2006, p. 115). Strength training is used in pulmonary rehabilitation for both the upper and lower body. In many studies patients rated their dyspnoea and fatigue the lowest after strength training. The strengthening exercises may include knee flexion and extension w hich works the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, also chest press which involves both pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. Weights are used during each exercise and are altered increase or decrease the intensity. Strength training increases strength in all muscles that undergo the training this is due to muscle hypertrophy and improvements in neural recruitment patterns. Strength training has been proven by many studies to improve exercise performance and quality of life (Mador, et al., 2004, p. 2039-2041). Studies have supported evidence that endurance training has little effect on muscle weakness and muscle atrophy, two problems in patients with COPD and contributes to their exercise intolerance and poor quality of life. As a result most pulmonary rehabilitation programs combine strength and endurance training together as it is more beneficial to the patients. Studies have proven that the addition of strength training to endurance training produced a greater improvement in muscle mass and strength than endurance training alone (Ortega, et al., 2002, p. 670). Another study investigated the combination of both strength and endurance combined and found it was effective in reducing depression and anxiety. Moreover, there is evidence to confirm the beneficial effects of the three methods of exercise training (strength, endurance, and or combined) on the quality of life and level of dyspnoea in patients with COPD (Mador, et al., 2004, p. 2043). There is a debate as to whether high or low intensity training in endurance and strength exercises should be used and to what beneficial effects either intensity will sustain in improving the symptoms of COPD. Low intensity training does result in improvements in symptoms, activities of daily living and health related quality of life, there is evidence to support the use of high intensity training producing greater physiologic training effects (Maltais, et al., 1997, p. 555-561). Training intensity that exceeds 60% of the peak exercise capacity is enough to cause some physiologic effects, even though higher percentages have been tolerated and are more beneficial. The effects of cycle ergometery training at high intensity work load were compared to low intensity work load in 19 patients with moderate to severe COPD. The group following the cycle ergometery at the high intensity work rate had a greater reduction in lactate production and ventilation requirements, although the low inte nsity group had a similar result but not as much significant gains in aerobic fitness (Rochester, 2003, p. 67-68). Therefore using high or low intensity training has beneficial effects, high intensity exercise training is more advantageous producing physiologic changes in patients that are capable to reach that level, low intensity exercise training is more tailored to the health benefits of the general population and for patients who are in a more fragile state (Calverley, et al., 2003, p. 468-470). Aside from endurance and strength training the pulmonary rehabilitation program has breathing exercises and techniques that are incorporated into the program. The role of the physiotherapist in the management of COPD is established especially in breathing exercises and techniques. Physiotherapists play a crucial role in the exercise, assessment and education aspects of the pulmonary rehabilitation program they are a valuable part of the multidisciplinary team. They are there to provide specialist advice and support for the patient, especially during an exacerbation, when patients have trouble clearing their chest secretions, and to help control any anxiety or panic attacks they may lead to hyperventilation. When physiotherapist helps patients clear chest secretions it often involves teaching the patient about the active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) using forced expiration to enhance chest clearance. Physiotherapists also use techniques to reduce the work of breathing, which involves the use of breathing retraining or relaxed breathing control. Diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing are two examples of breathing retraining; these are of benefit to manage panic attacks and breathlessness. Physiotherapists also teach a patient varies positioning techniques to help with dyspnoea. They have a major role in pulmonary rehabilitation programmes, along with respiratory management they provide advice and support for patients with mobility problems (Barnett, (2006), p. 174). Physiotherapists are involved in educating and supporting patients in breathing retraining. The main goals of using diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing are to relieve breathlessness and encourage relaxation (Mikelsons, 2008, p. 3). Pursed lip breathing is a technique used where exhalation is accomplished through resistance created by narrowing (pursing) of the lips; it is often naturally taken up by COPD patients. Studies have shown that pursed lip breathing can have a positive effect on dyspnoea when performed by patients during exercise. Patients who experience reduction in dyspnoea due to pursed lip breathing also had reductions in end expiratory lung volume and increase supply in inspiratory muscle pressure-generating capacity. During breathing at rest and exercise pursed lip breathing contributed to a slower deeper breathing pattern in patients, and is a useful technique to apply when an onset of breathlessness comes upon a patient (Spahija, et al., 2005, p. 640-648 ). Diaphragmatic breathing is used as another technique to help with dyspnoea and dynamic hyperinflation. In diaphragmatic breathing physiotherapists teach patients to synchronize inspiration with abdominal expansion as they breathe slowly and deeply. On the exhalation the diaphragm is pushed up by the abdominal muscles which create a better length tension relationship and a better curved posture. This technique increases the capable force of the diaphragm as an inspiratory muscle. Diaphragmatic breathing has a significant increase in tidal volume and a major reduction in respiratory frequency which caused an increase in minute ventilation. In hypercapnic patients with COPD, diaphragmatic breathing helps with hyperinflation in these patients. However studies have shown that severely hyperinflatedpatients are incapable of performing this breathing technique (Gigliotti, et al., 2003, p. 198). Secretion clearance is an important technique used for acute exacerbation management. Acute e xacerbations are common in patients with COPD; they are associated with a poor quality of life and are a burden to both family and caregivers. Symptoms include dyspnea, purulent sputum, and an increase in sputum volume. Patient’s awareness of the symptoms of exacerbations and early intervention reduces the risk of hospitalization and leads to a better quality. Physiotherapists are important in providing such interventions to help patients with sputum clearance. Physiotherapeutic techniques used to help with sputum clearance include active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT), percussions, vibrations, and shaking. ACBT consists of breathing control, lower thoracic expansion exercises and forced expiratory technique. ACBT aids bronchial clearance by improving mucociliary clearance while also decreasing adverse effects such as hypoxia and increased airflow obstruction. Compared to percussion, vibrations, and shaking ACBT has been proven to be the most effective technique in ches t clearance with over 80% of physiotherapists the UK using it always or often when treating patients with COPD. Studies have shown that ACBT helps improve oxygenation, assists in sputum clearance, reduces anxiety, and enhances health related quality of life (Yohannes and Connolly, 2007, p 110-113). Many patients with COPD adopt a forward leaning position to help with the feeling of breathlessness, this is a useful technique which physiotherapist teach patients to self manage dyspnoea, during the stable phase of COPD and when they get an acute exacerbation. There is evidence to reinforce the use of the forward leaning position to improve breathlessness and decrease work of breathing. This position promotes diaphragmatic function by allowing the shortened diaphragm to be lengthened by the movement of the abdominal content away from the diaphragm thus enhancing the length tension relationship. This position can be altered to suit individual, it can be used in everyday life such as standing leaning against a wall, window sill or shopping trolley. These functional positions enable patients to get out and improve both their breathlessness and quality of life (Mikelsons, 2008, p. 3). Studies support the use of breathing retraining, chest physiotherapy and exercise training as it contr ibutes to improvements in dyspnoea, functional exercise capacity, and quality of life in COPD patients (Guell, et al., 2000, p. 978). In conclusion, the importance of COPD as a disease is relatively high as it has been stated to be in the top four leading cause of death and disability in the world (Gupta and Brooks, 2006, p. 187). The considerable effects COPD has on the respiratory system are discussed showing the limiting effects it has on both ventilation and gas exchange all contribute to the exercise intolerance in patients. The musculoskeletal system is greatly hindered by the effects COPD has on the structural and biomechanical aspects causing limitations in the ability to exercise. COPD leads to cardiovascular problems which progressively get worse if patients aren’t introduced to the exercise training program to help slow down the deterioration. Anxiety and depression goes undiagnosed in a lot of patients with COPD but has been shown to contribute to both exercise intolerance and poor quality of life in patients. The intervention of the pulmonary rehabilitation program has been proven to help increa se exercise capacity, decrease dyspnoea and improve health related quality of life. The support and advice from the physiotherapist in the exercise training program, breathing exercises and techniques is a key element to the success of the pulmonary rehabilitation program. In light of all the advantages of the rehabilitation program there is still the unsubstantial effect it has on lung function in patients with COPD. References: Aliverti, A. and Macklem, P. (2001) How and Why Exercise Is Impaired in COPD. Respiration, 68 (3), pp. 229-239. Armstrong, C. (2010) Handbook of Medical Neuropsychology: Application of Cognitive Neuroscience. United States of America: Springer Science and Business Media. Barnett, M. (2006) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Primary Care. United Kingdom: Whurr Publishers Limited. Bellamy, D. and Booker, R. (2006) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Primary Care. 3rd ed. United Kingdom: Class Publishing Ltd. Burton, G. et al., (1997) Respiratory Care A Guide to Clinical Practice. 4th ed. United States of America: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Calverley, P. M. A. et al., (2003) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Arnold. Giggliotti, F. et al., (2003) Breathing retraining and exercise conditioning in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a physiological approach. Respiratory Medicine, 97 (3), pp. 197-204. Guell, R. et al., (2000) Long-term Effects of Outpatient Rehabilitation of COPD. Chest journals, 117 (4), pp. 976-983. Gupta, R. and Brooks, D. (2008) Aerobic Exercise for Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Physiotherapy Canada, 58 (3), pp. 179-186. Mador, J. and Bozkanat, E. (2001) Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory research, 2 (4), pp.216-224. Mador, J. et al., (2004) Endurance and Strength Training in Patients with COPD. Chest journals, 125 (6), pp. 2036-2045. Maltais, F. et al., (1997) Intensity of training and physiological adaptation in patients chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. America journal of critical care medicine, 155, pp. 555-561. Mikelsons, C. (2008) The role of physiotherapy in the management of COPD. Respiratory Medicine, 4 (1), pp. 2-7. Nici, L. et al., (2006) American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 173 (12), pp. 1390-1413. Ortega, F. et al., (2002) Comparison of Effects of Strength and Endurance Training in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 166 (5), pp. 669-674. Rochester, C. (2003) Exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 40 (5), pp. 59-80. Sietsema, K. (2001) Cardiovascular limitations in chronic pulmonary disease. Medicine science in sports exercise, 33 (7), pp. 656-661. Spahija, J. et al., (2005) Effects of Imposed Pursed-Lips Breathing on Respiratory Mechanics and Dyspnea at Rest and During Exercise in COPD. Chest journals, 128 (2), pp. 640-650. Thomas, A. J. (2006) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The contribution of skeletal muscle dysfunction to exercise intolerance. Physical therapy reviews, 11 (1), pp. 62-66. Tiep, B. (1997) Disease Management of COPD with Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chest journals, 112 (6), pp. 1630-1656. Vonk-Noordegraaf, A. et al., (2005) Early Changes of Cardiac Structure and function in COPD Patients with Mild Hypoxemia. Chest journals, 127 (6), pp. 1898-1903. Wanke, T. et al., (1994) Effects of combined inspiratory muscle and cycle ergometer training on exercise performance in patients with COPD. European Respiratory Journal, 7 (12), pp. 2205-2211. Yohannes, A. Connolly, M. (2007) A national survey: percussion, vibration, shaking and active cycle of breathing techniques used in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiotherapy, 93 (2), pp. 110-113. How to cite Foundations of physiotherapy practice, Essay examples

Labor Market Research Nursing an Example of the Topic Career by

Labor Market Research : Nursing by Expert Marvellous | 07 Dec 2016 ABSTRACT Need essay sample on "Labor Market Research : Nursing" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This paper discusses the Labor Market of Nursing. The paper outlines the statistics in the United States and then focuses on the state of California. A demand and supply explanation is also provided in the paper. Nurse Wage Structure is also provided in the last part of the paper. Nursing is known to be an in-demand job in the United States. According to Dr. Lovell of Institute for Womens Policy Research, the health care system of America is dependent mostly on nurses. On the average a patient is being attended the number of employed nurses will grow by 29 percent. This is equivalent from 2.4 million to 3.1 million. These statistics show that there is a big demand of nurses in the country. The focus of the study is the state of California. From here on, the discussion would be regarding the state of California. California is one of the states that has been featured in the first labor market of Californias Nurse Work Force Initiative in January 2004. As per the report, California needs a total of 60,000 nurses to meet the projected demand for nursing services in 2020. The government in response to the shortage of the nurses, Governor Gray Davis had announced a Nurse Workforce Initiative. This particular program had been developed and implemented to recruit , train and retain nurses in the state. NWIs report as of 2004, the nursing force of California is around 280,000 registered nurses and 90,000 Licensed vocational nurses. Registered Nurses are employed frequently as compared to the licensed vocational nurses because of the educational background and scope of practice. According to Briggance (2004), the state of California has the lowest ratio of registered nurses among the 50 states. The reasons for the increasing demand and inadequate suppliers cannot only be judged based on numbers. According to NWI (2004), the dominant determinant of the demand is the size of the states population. The higher the population the higher the need for health care services. There is a large population of people because of the high birth rates in the state, the international immigration and low death rates. The wealth of the population affects the demand for services. In January 2004, there has been a legislation about a minimum licensed nurse to patient ratios requirements in hospitals from Assembly Bill 394. The increase in demand because of this law is estimated to be as low as 1,600 nurses. The supply of nurses on the other had been explained by NWI. The inflow of California nurses comes from the education system, migration from other states and migration from other countries. The California supply of registered nurses then comes from Active License status, these are the currently working nurses and the non working. The outflow of nurses is retirement, migration to other countries and career changes. According to a research from the U.S. Government Accountability (Lovell, 2004), the shortage of nurses is caused by job satisfaction problems. These job satisfaction problems is then answered by the hospitals through increasing compensation and benefits of the nurses. Hospital wages vary depending on the local labor market (Lovell, 2004). As of 2004, California is considered as one of the states that give their nurses high compensation. Median hourly wages for a nurse is $38.85 to $19.44 in Virginia. Nurses have large compensation because of the job satisfaction problems that some had encountered. Since hospitals wanted to attract nurses then it is imperative that they increase the compensation of the nurses. Another reason for a high compensation is that hospitals and nursing homes are known to be one of the riskiest nations. Nurses are exposed to latex allergies, bhck injuries, physical assault, blood-borne pathogens,and pollution from waste incineration, disinfectants, and surgical waste. Workers such as nurses who are exposed to greater risks on the job should be compensated for the risk associated with their occupation. Based on California Nurses Association (2004), the structure of the nurse wages depends on the level of experience and the type of Nurse that a person is. There are six levels of Nurses in California. First is the Clinical Nurse which has four levels. Clinical Nurse is considered as the entry-level position. Next is Practitioner which has 2 levels. A Nurse Practitioner has a higher wage as compared to that of the clinical nurse because this category has a higher level of experience. A nurses pay is computed hourly. Based on the following information stated above, nurse wages compensation are determined by the demand and supply of nurses in California. California is a big state as compared to that of the other states in the U.S. Compensation for California is higher than the other states because of the fact that it has the lowest Nurse to patient ratio in the continent. Some may think that the Nurses are overpaid and some may think of it as a health commodity job. However, there are reasons for the amount of compensation that the nurses received and this can be justified through the law of economics, and the risk that the nurses take because of the call of duty. REFERENCES California Nurses Association (2004). Nurses NX. Retrieved last February 28, 2008 from University of California. Briggance, B. (2004). Nursing, Leadership and Strategic Action (Powerpoint Presentation). Center for Health Professions Retrieved last February 29, 2008 from University of California, San Francisco. Lovell, V. (2004). Solving the Nursing Shortage through Higher Wages. Retrieved last February 29, 2008 from Institute for Womens Policy Research. Spetz J., Rickles J., and Ong P. (30 January 2004). Californias Nursing Labor Force: Demand, Supply and Shortages. First Labor Market Report. California Nurse Work Force Initiative. Retrieved last February 28, 2008. From Univesity of California.

Free Essays on International Business

ADCP International Marketing/Special Studies 1. a. Customers are the focal point of all marketing activities. Organizations have to define products not as what they make or produce but as what they do to satisfy customers. Marketing Barbie dolls would require a marketer to consider the socioculture of its consumers. Sociocultural forces are the influences in a society and its culture that bring about change in attitudes, beliefs, norms, customs, and lifestyles. There are three issues that need to be addressed in decided who will purchase a Barbie doll in international markets. First, there are constant changes in population demographic characteristics-age, gender, race, and ethnicity. The U. S. has entered into another baby boom, with 76 million Americans aged 18 or younger. Other nations may have this same occurrence and this information would help in directing attention to those areas that have a high representation of children wanting a Barbie doll. Another population trend is the increasing multicultural nature of U .S. society. The number of immigrants into the United States has steadily risen during the last thirty years, thus, the emergence of cultures emulating the U.S. Another thing to consider would be the modification of marketing practices to reach ethnically diverse customers to eliminate language barriers. Second, cultural values need to be addressed so that marketers can try to monitor changes in consumers’ needs for Barbie dolls and its products (clothes, accessories, etc.) in the near future. For instance, Barbie dolls were very popular when I was younger (not that I played with them, I had a sister) and today, they are not because of increased competition of other toy and doll makers. Video games have also become very popular in favor of toys. b. When marketing beer internationally, a marketer may have to consider the political/legal environment of the country they are trying to solicit. Some politic... Free Essays on International Business Free Essays on International Business The term Globalization was first coined in the 1980’s. However, the definition of globalization varies in cultural, economical, environmental, political and social studies. According to Williamson, globalization in economical studies refers to an increasing integration of the global economy through factor and product markets by way of direct investment, financial flow and trade greatly aided by the deregulation of markets as well as the liberation of capital movement and trade (Williamson 1998,1). It is a driving force that is expected to affect the countries well being in terms of trade, employment and income as well as the values of dollar in relative to other currencies and so on. Based on a study on the globalization’s rankings in the world, New Zealand is currently rank at number 23. (Graham, Crocombe. Michael, Enright and Michael, Porter 1991,12) In the following paragraphs, there will be an explanation how the globalization affects the New Zealand’s trade with other countries, especially for multinational company’s competition in international trade, employment opportunities for New Zealanders and some reasons which are beneficial and harmful to New Zealand as a whole as well as some policies that should be taken into consideration by other businesses and the government in order to benefit from it. According to the definition of globalization above, it also is simply to understand that globalization refers to the shift a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has two main components: the globalization of markets and the globalization of production (Charles, Hill 2003,6). The globalization of markets means each the merging of distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Each country can sell its products internationally by falling trade barriers. It provides a chance for local companies to compete in international trade by offering qualified goods and services. Wh... Free Essays on International Business ADCP International Marketing/Special Studies 1. a. Customers are the focal point of all marketing activities. Organizations have to define products not as what they make or produce but as what they do to satisfy customers. Marketing Barbie dolls would require a marketer to consider the socioculture of its consumers. Sociocultural forces are the influences in a society and its culture that bring about change in attitudes, beliefs, norms, customs, and lifestyles. There are three issues that need to be addressed in decided who will purchase a Barbie doll in international markets. First, there are constant changes in population demographic characteristics-age, gender, race, and ethnicity. The U. S. has entered into another baby boom, with 76 million Americans aged 18 or younger. Other nations may have this same occurrence and this information would help in directing attention to those areas that have a high representation of children wanting a Barbie doll. Another population trend is the increasing multicultural nature of U .S. society. The number of immigrants into the United States has steadily risen during the last thirty years, thus, the emergence of cultures emulating the U.S. Another thing to consider would be the modification of marketing practices to reach ethnically diverse customers to eliminate language barriers. Second, cultural values need to be addressed so that marketers can try to monitor changes in consumers’ needs for Barbie dolls and its products (clothes, accessories, etc.) in the near future. For instance, Barbie dolls were very popular when I was younger (not that I played with them, I had a sister) and today, they are not because of increased competition of other toy and doll makers. Video games have also become very popular in favor of toys. b. When marketing beer internationally, a marketer may have to consider the political/legal environment of the country they are trying to solicit. Some politic...

How to Organize Compare-Contrast Paragraphs

How to Organize Compare-Contrast Paragraphs Organizing two compare-and-contrast paragraphs is just a mini version of creating a compare-and-contrast essay. This kind of essay examines two or more subjects by comparing their similarities and contrasting their differences.  In the same way, compare-contrast paragraphs compare and contrast two things in two separate paragraphs. There are two basic methods for organizing compare-contrast paragraphs: the block format and a format where the writer separates similarities and differences. Block Format When using the block format for a two-paragraph comparison, discuss one subject in the first paragraph and the other in the second, as follows: Paragraph 1: The opening sentence names the two subjects and states that they are very similar, very different or have many important (or interesting) similarities and differences. The remainder of the paragraph describes the features of the first subject without referring to the second subject. Paragraph 2: The opening sentence must contain a transition showing you are comparing the second subject to the first, such as: Unlike (or similar to) subject No. 1, subject No. 2... Discuss all the features of subject No. 2 in relation to subject No. 1 using compare-contrast cue words such as  like,  similar to, also, unlike, and on the other hand,  for each comparison. End this paragraph with a personal statement, a prediction or another enlightening conclusion. Separating Similarities and Differences When using this format, discuss only the similarities in the first paragraph and only the differences in the next. This format requires careful use of many compare-contrast cue words and is, therefore, more difficult to write well. Create the paragraphs as follows: Paragraph 1: The opening sentence names the two subjects and states that they are very similar, very different or have many important (or interesting) similarities and differences. Continue discussing similarities only using compare-contrast cue words such as like, similar to and also, for each comparison. Paragraph 2: The opening sentence must contain a transition showing that you are pivoting to discussing differences, such as: Despite all these similarities, (these two subjects) differ in significant ways. Then describe all the differences, using compare-contrast cue words such as differs, unlike, and on the other hand, for each comparison. End the paragraph with a personal statement, a prediction, or another compelling conclusion. Create a Pre-Writing Chart In organizing compare-contrast paragraphs, using either of the above methods, students may find it helpful to create a compare-contrast-prewriting chart. To create this chart, students would create a three-column table or chart with the following headers topping each column: Subject 1, Features, and Subject 2. Students then list the subjects and features in the appropriate columns. For example, a student might compare life in the city (Subject No. 1) vs. the country (Subject No. 2). To start, the student would list Entertainment, Culture, and Food, in the rows under the Features header. Then, next Entertainment, the student could list theaters, clubs under the City header and festivals, bonfires under the Country header. Next might be Culture in the Features column. Next to Culture, the student would list museums in the City column and historic places under the Country column, and so on. After compiling about seven or eight rows, the student can cross out the rows that seem least relevant. Crafting such a chart helps the student create an easy visual aid to help write the compare-contrast paragraphs for either of the previously discussed methods.

Discourse community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discourse community - Essay Example All members in a discourse community have the required level of expertise in the common goal (â€Å"DePaul University† 1). A discourse community has an overlapping boundary, which allows most people to participate within and between various discourse communities (â€Å"DePaul University† 1). Various academic discourse communities exist in our schools that include mathematicians, engineers, and sportsmen, among other groups. Engineering Course Engineering is a defined discourse community where members have the required level of expertise in engineering to communicate and agree on certain goals and interests in the engineering field. Engineers have a unique language and genre, which helps them to communicate their common goals and unify their group. Moreover, engineers in the engineering discourse community have a common band that reinforces their relationships thus enhancing agreements on common goals and interests. The common band in engineering defines the difference b etween engineering and other discourse communities. Additionally, engineers share norms of "good writing" as a common goal in this discourse community. Notably, engineers use metaphors to unify and define this group. At the same time, the engineering discourse community uses specialized vocabulary in terms of jargons and terminologies to define this group and communicate the common goals in engineering. Only engineers can understand the vocabularies in this discourse community. The engineering discourse community also uses a specialized genre â€Å"verbal and non-verbal† to define this group, communicate the common goals and interests of this group, and unify the engineering discourse community. Specifically, metaphors and reports are the dominant genres and tools used in engineering discourse community to enhance communication among the members in this group. Indeed, the conduit metaphor is dominant among engineers where it basis communication on codes that allowing sharing of engineering information. The specialized genres in this discourse community are very important to engineers as they help them to communicate and present their ideas as well as organizing the data collected in this field. This helps engineers to pass engineering knowledge to future engineers. Engineers must follow certain guidelines in writing an engineering report. Notably, the norms of "good writing, vocabularies, and specialized genres help in bringing engineers together in this discourse community. Supervisor in Electronic Company An electronic company deals in the production and supply of electronic products like bulbs, circuits, vacuum tubes, and diodes. A supervisor in an electronic company will play the role of overseeing the operations in the company where electricians are the main members in the electrical discourse community. Members in the electrical discourse community have the required level of knowledge in electronics that allows them to communicate and agree on cer tain goals and interests in this field. The electricians adopt a common language, writing skill, and genres, which defines and unifies this group. This discourse community has a common band that defines this group and allows electricians to communicate their common goals. The band strengthens the relationships within the electronic company

Assignment about two questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About two questions - Assignment Example s source code integrity must be maintained, there should be no discrimination of any kind to anyone using the software, the software must be distributed with distribution licence, the license must not be tied to a specific product, and finally, the licence must be technology – neutral. Sme of the vailabel open source software include Apache HTTP server, GNOME desktop Environment, GIMP image Editor, Firefox we browser, Android smartphone operating system, MYSQL database, PHP among others. Most of open source software are reliable. The reliability of open source software is due to the fact that all open source software are peer reviewed. This has made open source software to be to be more reliable and robust even in the most stringent conditions. The use of most open source software is safe. Once the initial source code of a particular software has been, the community of open source developers take up the project to review and correct any available bugs. This removes all security holes thus making the software more secure. Also, in cases where a security vulnerability has been identified, it’s quickly fixed by the open source community. Most of the open source software are released free of charge. The only costs that may be incurred include the customization costs and maybe the downloading costs. This makes the acquiring and the use of open source cheaper as compared to closed source software software. The availability of open source software makes it easy for one to evaluate the software. For instance, it can be assessed to determine if it has the expected requirement. For instance, just by evaluating the source code, one is able to determine if the software is secure or it has security holes. Open source software are being faced by overall disadvantage. Most of the open source software are not straightforward to use. Tis attributed to the fact that the developers of the system give less attention in the development of user interface. Nowadays, most

Contrast The Representation Of Friday In Foe And Robinson Crusoe English Literature Essay

Contrast The Representation Of Friday In Foe And Robinson Crusoe English Literature Essay According to G Scott Bishop, it is important to read post-colonial literature in English, and see the reactions to the discussion of colonialism held by the English, as they reflect the way our historical actions created the world. Taking the plot of the father of the novel (Judith Hawley, spoken, 7th October 2010), and a novel focussed around colonialism, Robinson Crusoe, the post-colonial Foe deconstructs it to expose the lies and injustices that are seen in Robinson Crusoe, but never challenged. The change in cultural norms, from Britain in 1719 to South Africa in 1986 has been vast, and the challenging differences between the two novels purported to tell the same story is shocking. The central point of these differences is not, as some would suggest, Susan Barton, the interloper character, and female narrator, but more Friday, a character who is the same across the books, and yet incredibly different. Defoe used Friday to explore themes of religion, slavery and subjugation, all o f which were supposed to a natural state of being at that time in history, and Coetzee uses him to explore more strongly themes of slavery, black identity, and the voice of the oppressed. In neither book is Friday left simply to be a character, he is instead always used as a device through which the reader can explore other topics. Your master says the slavers cut [your tongue] out; but I have never heard of such a practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Is it the truth that your master cut it out himself and blamed the slavers? (Coetzee, J.M, Foe.) The fact that this question is never answered, and that all attempts to force Friday to communicate fail drastically leave the reader wondering whether the slavers that captured Friday removed his tongue, or whether that was done by the colonialist Cruso, who felt there was no need of a great stock of words, (Coetzee, J.M, Foe). This contrasts vastly with Defoes Crusoe, who said I began to keep my journal; of which I shall here give you the copy (though in it will be told all these particulars over again) as long as it lasted; for having no more ink, I was forced to leave it off. This implies clearly that Defoes Crusoe gave a lot more care and interest to language than Coetzees Cruso. Defoes Crusoe, much as he appreciated journaling in his own language whilst alone, also took pleasure in teaching Friday to speak, In a little time I began to speak to him; and teach him to speak to meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I likewise taught him to say Master; and then let him know that was to be my name: I likewise taught him to say Yes and No and to know the meaning of them. Defoes Crusoe was certainly concerned with language, but never investigated the language that was Fridays own, erasing Fridays history by naming him, and teaching him English. In this way, he could only voice the thoughts that Crusoe had given him language to speak. This was challenged by the voiceless Friday in Coetzees work, a character who literally couldnt speak. In this, it could be argued that Coetzee was asserting that it was not his right to give voice to an oppressed black character, and let Friday stand for the victims of apartheid and slavery, where Defoe (due to the beliefs of society at his time) believed that it was right and natural for Crusoe to claim the position of Master to Friday, and to speak for him. Hearing the voice of the ethnic minorities in both Foe and Robinson Crusoe is important, but so is acknowledging their different racial identities. Friday in Foes work, in standing for the victims of apartheid and slavery, is a black African character he was black, negro, with a head of fuzzy wool (Coetzees Foe), whereas Crusoes Friday, not standing for those causes, is portrayed as being an anglicised version of a Caribbean man, who had all the sweetness and softness of a European in his countenance. This implies that Friday was somehow better than the average Caribbean tribesman by dint of looking somewhat European, but at the same time, the first language Crusoe taught him was that he was his master. He was an improvement on the average savage, since his appearance was somewhat European, but still his race left him to be the natural servant of Crusoe. This Friday is very much a dramatic device used to portray Crusoes development as a religious man; [Crusoe] began to instruct him [ Friday] in the knowledge of the true God. This allowed Defoe to expand on Crusoes earlier mentions of religion, in his conversion, and in the hegemony of the time, caused Crusoe to be seen as a good and moral character, who treated his slave well, and brought him up to be religious (McInelly Colonialism, the novel and Robinson Crusoe). In Coetzees work, Friday is allowed to be sullen and unpleasant, easy to see, but hard to like, he is created to be the embodiment of all the oppression experienced by a racial group, to only be able to take in, never to give out ideas or understanding, to be central to a story he can have no part in. The silence of Coetzees Friday could also be said to reflect the reader, who, like Friday can only react and respond to situations. Katherine Wagner however argues against this, saying that criticism and silence are mutually exclusive terms. Coetzees Friday can only be silenced, but Defoes Friday has no room to criticise, and no part in making decisions for Crusoe, because in that time, a slave wouldnt have that option at all, Coetzees Friday can take no part, being unable to speak. His isolation and treatment as second class is made far more visible by his disability, a device Coetzee used to avoid speaking the black voice, as a privileged white man, whilst still drawing attention to the plight of slaves. Crusoe, Cruso and Barton were all seen to treat Friday very differently, but all see him as a possession in their own way. Crusoe did this most blatantly, in claiming, naming Friday and instructing him to call him Master, with Defoes Friday being portrayed as making signs of subjection, servitude, and submission to Crusoe without even any bidding. This added to the moral message of Robinson Crusoe, because it showed the savage being tamed, and later taught religion. This contrasts strongly with the Cruso created by Coetzee, who was sullen (J M Coetzee, Foe) in his service, who obeyed Cruso, but did not have the childish excitement or comically expressed pidgin (Chris Boignes, Lost in a maze of doubtin) portrayed in places by Defoe. Barton also claimed him, despite trying to treat him as an individual if Friday is not mine to set free, whose is he (J M Coetzee, Foe), and on some level saw him clearly as her property, forgetting that maybe it was not her right to set him free either. ( Chris Boignes, Lost in a maze of doubtin). The representation of Friday in these two texts is vastly different, and one could hardly believe that the two were in fact the same character. With different histories, and different personalities, in fact all both have in common is playing the role of the non-white slave in the text, to serve a literary purpose, in both reflecting the views of wider society towards non-white people, and in showing the development of other characters. This is not to say that either Friday was one-dimensional, in particular Coetzees Friday was multi-dimensional and complex, but more that despite the character complexity, despite his being resistant to being interpreted (Bishop C Scott, J. M. Coetzees Foe), and how central they were, both were created to serve only a purpose. 1. Bishop, C. Scott. J. M. Coetzees Foe. World Literature Today 64.1 (1990): 54. Print. http://www.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfx:sfxsici=0196-3570(1990)64:1%3C54:JMC%22%3E2.0.CO;2-H 2. Wagner, KM. Dichter and Dichtung + Foe by Coetzee, John Susan Barton and the truth of autobiography. English studies in Africa 32.1 (1989): 1-11. Print. http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk/articles/displayItem.do?QueryType=articlesResultsID=12B06460CF2F1F413filterSequence=0ItemNumber=1journalID=4273 3. Joanna Scott. Voice and trajectory: An interview with J. M. Coetzee Salmagundi.114/115 (1997): 82.22. Print.  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01511343divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft 4. Bongie, Chris. Lost in the Maze of Doubtin: J. M. Coetzees Foe and the Politics of (Un)Likeness. Modern Fiction Studies 39.2 (1993): 261-0. Print. http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk/PDF/1286892456412.pdf 5. Brett C McInelly. Expanding Empires, Expanding Selves: Colonialism, the Novel, and Robinson Crusoe. Studies in the Novel 35.1 (2003): 1. Print.   http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01665469divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft 6. Cohen, D. Fashioning Friday (Robinson Crusoe). Queens Quarterly 115.1 (2008): 9-11. Print.   http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179351988.html 7. Wheeler, Roxann. My Savage, My Man: Racial Multiplicity in Robinson Crusoe. ELH 62.4 (1995): 821. Print.  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfx:sfxsici=0013-8304(1995)62:4%3C821:SMRM%3E2.0.CO;2-Q 8. Ritchie, DE. Robinson Crusoe as Narrative Theologian. Renascence essays on values in literature 49.2 (1997): 94-17. Print. http://find.galegroup.com/shax/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-DocumentsresultListType=RESULT_LISTqrySerId=Locale(en,,):FQE%3D(tx,None,39)robinson+crusoe+as+narrative+theologian$sgHitCountType=NoneinPS=truesort=DateDescendsearchType=AdvancedSearchFormtabID=T013prodId=SHAXsearchId=R1currentPosition=1userGroupName=rho_ttdadocId=A19983243docType= 9. Donoghue, Frank. Inevitable Politics: Rulership and Identity in Robinson Crusoe. Studies in the Novel 27.1 (1995): 1-0. Print http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01532799divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft 10. Ngugi Wa Thiongo. The language of African literature. Decolonising the Mind. London / Portsmouth N.H James Currey / Heinemann 1986 11. Judith Hawley Robinson Crusoe (University Lecture) 7th October 2010

Drama In Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay

A very living and breathing drama of life is painted in â€Å"Road Not Taken† that presents a situation in which speaker is caught in a decision-making dilemma. The setting of the poem presents the speaker t a bifurcation of road where he must decide which trail to take. He can not make out where either road leads. He looks at the physical aspects of the road and decides to travel on the less-traveled road. The poem symbolizes the underlying theme of choice-making and speaker’s individuality in prefer a less-common way. It further implies that decision-making must not be procrastinated because it is more harmful than the outcome of an endeavor. Furthermore, in manifest that there is no absolute choice available to human being and he has to prefer one choice over the other provided and governed by destiny. The only distinction that poet has, is his preference of less-common choice. Although whole poem is an extended metaphor of life where one comes across many occasions when he has to make decisions but Frost introduces various metaphorical expression to convey the intensity of the situation. In the very first line, Robert Frost brings in the primary metaphor, the diverging roads. Fist line introduces the dilemma of diverging road while in line 2-3 poet shows the limitations of physical being and regrets over human incapability to travel on both road. â€Å"Long I stood† depicts that he did take the impulsive decision and took his time to make decision. Lines 4-10 depict his comparative examination of both roads. He again refers to human incapacity when he acknowledges that his vision is inadequate. Next two lines resonate the past feeling as he finds the both road â€Å"really about the same†. In 13-15, he makes his decision whereas lines five lines, he visualizes himself in future, talking about his decision to go on the less-traveled path.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tone of the poem is meditative because speaker contemplates on his options. He has to take into account the characteristics of each road. There is an element of regret also as he can not travel on both road but poems ends on an optimistic not as poet thinks that traveling on less-traveled road will make the difference. He signifies the importance of his individuality that compels him to move on a less-trodden path. He does not adopt the ordinary path in the mundane activities of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The structure of the poem has a peculiar importance and is constructed on four stanzas with five lines each. The first stanza presents the dilemma; second stanza symbolizes the choices available to the speaker. Third stanza manifests his regret over not taking the other road whereas fourth road depicts the decision of the poet to take the less traveled road. There is sign of exclamation after line 13 that indicates the excitement on decision to keep the first path for another day but this excitement soon dies out as he doubts that whether he will come back. In lines 18 and 19, there is repetition of â€Å"I† that denotes the emphasis on â€Å"his† decision to move on less traveled trail. Rhyme scheme of the poem is abaabcdccd†¦Frost uses simple diction that conveys his message with comprehensive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So as a whole, this poem uses different poetical tools to describe the psychological dilemma of the poet in decision-making. His experience is not subjective but is of universal nature and he presents it in a subtle way.

Important Symbols in Lord of the Flies by William Golding

In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies, he uses unique elements to symbolize many concepts throughout the story. The two most important but differing symbols used throughout the novel are the Conch and Sow’s head symbolically used by the author to demonstrate the transition of good to evil as the darkness of savagery slowly begins to powerfully overtake the boys’ mental concept of their civilian nature that they were born into. Both symbolically represent a certain importance and power to the boys as they fight to maintain order and civility on the island while trying to contain control over the group of young boys as they begin to abandon all ties to their once civilized life and mindset that they once knew. Isolation and daily struggles to survive on the island lead to the transition to killing and becoming more barbaric. The taste of killing and power becomes an overpowering obsession that the boys cannot consciously control. Lord of the Flies is a novel using different elements to show symbolism of different people in society and their reactions when cut off from the world and left to survive on their own. The conch and sow’s head are used as power over the group of boys. Jack Uses the conch to try and keep everyone working together, while Jack uses the sow’s head to threaten and show that meat and killing is the only importance in staying alive. Both boys have two different concepts and mental thinking of how things should be run on the island. Jack and Ralph’sShow MoreRelatedThe Powers of the Symbols in Lord of the Flies929 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies is a novel that is all about symbols that have different powers which is used on the boys. Two of the symbols which are the conch and the sow’s head contain powers that are opposite of each other and they have a great affect on the boys. Lord of the Flies would be a different story without symbols. The conch has the powers that lead to civilization and order. It represents the authority that the boys will need to get rescued from the island. The sow’s head on the other hand representsRead MoreLord Of The Flies : Representation Of Violence And War1611 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesLord Of The Flies: Representation Of Violence and War Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian, states that â€Å" The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.† In William Golding’s Lord Of The Flies, societal topics run rampant throughout the text with Golding’s use of individuals to represent different aspects of society. Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. InRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies 1299 Words   |  6 PagesKanak Garg Mr. Fraser English 10 Honors, Period 6 19 December 2014 Savagery in Civilization: Symbolism in Lord of the Flies Symbolism as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the use of symbols to express or represent ideas or qualities in literature, art, etc.† (â€Å"Symbolism†). For this reason, symbolism is utilized in literature in order to make novels more interesting and convey notions that are usually either highly controversial or extremely philosophical. For example in the popularRead MoreLord Of The Flies Symbolism Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesLord of the Flies Essay â€Å"Maybe there is a beast†¦ maybe its only us.†(Golding [Page 50]) The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is a novel that goes much deeper than a group of 12 year old boys stranded on an island. Throughout the book Golding portrays symbols and constant themes which show how he feels about the human race; that there is an inner beast inside everyone and no matter who you are, it will eventually get exposed. Golding also shows symbols throughout the book which represent theRead MoreLord Of The Flies Pig Head Analysis1023 Words   |  5 Pages2017 The Symbolic Meaning of the Lord of the Flies â€Å"We are civilized people, which means that we are all savages at heart but observing a few amenities of civilized behaviour.† Tennessee Williams, a prize winning playwright once stated about civilized humans. In the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding this quote depicts what the book is trying to point out and display to us. The quote ties in with the pig head on a stick, otherwise known as the Lord of the Flies. The pig head was killed barbaricallyRead MoreLord of the Flies, by William Golding1055 Words   |  5 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of English school boys crash land onto an uninhabited island somewhere in the Mid Atlantic ocean. Ralph, the protagonist and also the elected leader, tries to maintain peace and avoid any calamity on the island. However, Jack is neither willing to contribute nor listen because he is jealous of Ralph and has a sickening obsession with killing boars. Ralph has some good traits that help him maintain pea ce and balance for a period of time. He is charismaticRead MoreLord of the Flies a Microcosm to Our Society1306 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Golding s novel Lord of the Flies significantly symbolizes characters, objects and the setting to represent our world as a whole. Golding uses those symbols to make the island similar to society and to show the difference between living in a civilised society and savagery. The novel takes place on an island during World War II, this is significant since the isolation forms a sort of civilization and community, a sort of microcosm to the real world and to human civilization. Lord of the FliesRead MoreLord Of The Flies Film Analysis1084 Words   |  5 Pagesconsist of many compelling qualities in order for it to be adapted into a film. Lord of the Flies most definitely has these qualities like a strong conflict, interesting plot, and many literature techniques. Peter Brook created a film adaptation of Lord of the Flies in 1963. Peter Brook, director of the Lord of the flies film, did a commendable job of making the movie as similar as possible to the novel by William Golding. There are still a few key differences that make the novel much more compellingRead MoreSymbolic Elements in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding560 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding the stranded boys come into contact with some particular elements that represent an idea which are called symbols. These symbols include the beast which represents the fear of the unknown and the darkness of mankind. The second symbol is the signal fire which rep resents hope. The third symbol is the conch shell which represents order. Golding indicates that when man is taken out of civilization, they have a natural instinct is to become evil, darknessRead MoreWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesever since they were born, or would they disregard all of it and do as they please because there is no definite authority figure to tell them how to live. In William Goldings, The Lord of the Flies, he brilliantly tells a story of life and death and everything in between. His use of symbolism with the conch, beast, and lord of the flies is phenomenal. It is a story that makes you think. Every person, when faced with reality, may act civil now, but in a survival situation, human nature takes over

Abraham Lincoln Was Not A Friend Of Africans - 1343 Words

Topic: Abraham Lincoln was not a friend of Africans Many American believe President Abraham Lincoln was a friend of Africans and even suggest that he freed the slave which is far from the truth. Although Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation made history the controversy remains as to the true reason of the Emancipation Proclamation. Many historian now believe that Emancipation Proclamation was design to protect the union and not free the slaves. It is true that Lincoln thought slavery is a bad institution however, it is also true that he believes that blacks could not be assimilated with whites. The truth is the Great Emancipator was never interested in putting an end to slavery. Is Lincoln a friend of Africans? The answer is no. First, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves it protected the union. Second, Lincoln’s suggestion of colonizing blacks by deporting them from the Unites States was another ploy to alienate Africans. Third. Fourth. For these reasons I will prove to you that Lincoln is not a friend of Africans. It is important to understand that on October of 1854 Lincoln let it be known that he condemned slavery even though he did not know how to eliminate it. Lincoln professed that all men are created equal. However, in one of the Lincoln’s debate with Frederick Douglas, Douglas accuse Lincoln of being a lover of the Negro race. Lincoln vehemently denied the charge by stating, â€Å"I am not, nor have I ever been, in favor ofShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter971 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Lincoln is an American President who hasn’t been overlooked in the decades following his death. His character still lives on today as he resonates through popular American culture. Many books and movies have been produced about his life to show the role he played in our history and the impact he had on our country. The most recent film, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, captivated audience’s attention with a riveting tale about our sixteenth president hunting vampire s. The film contains someRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Characteristics of a Hero907 Words   |  4 Pagesthe qualities of a hero: courageous, perseverant and compassionate – all of which Abraham Lincoln perfectly demonstrates. Abraham Lincoln was born in February 12, 1809, in a log cabin to a family of uneducated and poor pioneers (Denenberg and Bing). Throughout his life, Lincoln would be presented with many challenges, and will each time intrepidly tackle each challenge. Having no access to a formal education, Lincoln had to take his learning in his own hands, and owes his intellect and eloquence toRead MoreThe Year Long Period Of Social Unrest1747 Words   |  7 PagesWar, Abraham Lincoln, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor pursuing the revival of the confederacy and the total destruction of the Union. Abraham Lincoln was known to be a hard working, driven man which led him into politics and eventually presidency. Throughout his childhood, Lincoln had grown up in very rural areas and knew of nothing other than â€Å"frontier simplicity† therefore, he experienced little interaction with others (Lincoln World Biography par. 5). As a child, Lincoln experiencedRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : His Fight For Freedom And Equality Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln: His Fight for Freedom and Equality Throughout history, slavery has been a controversial topic in the United States. There have been many revolts and rebellions, such as Gabriel’s Rebellion or Nat Turner’s Rebellion, fought over the abolition of slavery or for African Americans to be able to receive the same rights as those of white people. Many people have fought for this cause and one of those people is Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which is oneRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln s 12 Years A Slave 1366 Words   |  6 Pagestensions developed and fights broke out. These events caused the need for leadership. Abraham Lincoln’s election caused him step up to that position of leadership which allowed him to leave a legacy by the Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address, and the Amendments. Lincoln set the Civil war and took Cultural, Social and Political actions to solve slavery. During the 19th and 20th century, the United States was in conflict or turmoil with itself over slavery causing the need for PresidentialRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War1516 Words   |  7 Pagesin History. The nation was suffering from cilvil disorder, moral values, political struggles amongst a dividing nation. The â€Å"slave† states ( The South ) created the Confederation States of America, thus separating from the Northern States. Both sides were growing in opposites directions, economically and different social views. Of the industrialization and the evolving workforce, slavery and its cruel practices were the biggest concern of both parties. The United Sates was entering a new era in theRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : A Man Of Courage1459 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln â€Å"Courage is not the absence of fear. It is going forward with the face of fear† - Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a man of courage who many looked up to during the civil war. Lincoln was born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, and grew up western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader and member of Illinois House of Representative, which he served for twelve year. Lincoln got a sense of what it took to be a leader of theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1614 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical Science 1100 Dr. Michael Petersen Abraham Lincoln I chose to do my research project on one of our presidents and the president I chose is Abraham Lincoln. I chose to do it on Lincoln because in my eyes and in the eyes of many other people, he was our nation s greatest president. He was considered our greatest president for everything he was and stood for and for all the things he did for our country. The first thing people should know about lincoln is that he did not grow up in a rich orRead MoreAnalysis Of Virginia Plantation s The Slave Relationship 1321 Words   |  6 PagesPlantation life in 1800. Detailed in this painting is the master slave relationship. It shows a white master having power over his African American slave – one female and one male. This painting is called Luxuries which in this depiction shows luxuries related to sex and power. That is, a white master, having sexual relations with black female and discipline African American man without any impediments. It can be inferred that that white mast er or white overseer is in complete control. InRead MoreAfrican American And The American1464 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American The beginning of our nation there were many battles between the Native American and the arrives of the European such as the Spanish, The English, The French, and Dutch. In those battle, the Native American had to fight for their lands, they were mistreated, and usually they were called, â€Å"Savage† but Native American weren’t the only people who suffer throughout history. African American, Irish, Mexican, Japaneses , Asian, Germany, Chinese and many more suffer in the hand of the English